Type 2 Diabetes and its Effect on the Elderly Population
Main Article Content
Keywords
diabetes
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes in elderly patients has affected this population in multiple ways. The risk factors of elderly patients include genetics, poor alimentation, and physical debilitation. Elderly patients are at risk of diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease because of type 2 diabetes. Nerve damage, eye damage, and skin conditions affect older people. However, there are treatments for type 2 diabetes such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones.
References
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2. Robertson GL. Diabetes insipidus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995 Sep;24(3):549-72. PMID: 8575409. [PubMed]
3. What Is Type 1 Diabetes? (2022, March 11). CDC. Retrieved July 18, 2022 [CDC]
4. Brunton S. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: The Evolution of Our Understanding. J Fam Pract. 2016 Apr;65(4 Suppl):supp_az_0416. PMID: 27262256. [PubMed]
5. Type 2 diabetes - Symptoms and causes. (2021, January 20). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from [MayoClinic]
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10. Fletcher, Barbara RN, MN, FAAN; Gulanick, Meg PhD, RN; Lamendola, Cindy RN, MSN, ANP Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing: January 2002 - Volume 16 - Issue 2 - p 17-23 [Google Scholar] [The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing]
11. Diagnosis | ADA. (n.d.). American Diabetes Association. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from [ADA]
12. The A1C Test & Diabetes | NIDDK. (n.d.). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from [NIH]
13. Random Glucose Testing: Why It's Important. (n.d.). Healthline. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from [HealthLine]
14. Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2239-2251. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2. Epub 2017 Feb 10. Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2192. PMID: 28190580.
15. Soe K, Sacerdote A, Karam J, Bahtiyar G. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Maturitas. 2011 Oct;70(2):151-9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.006. Epub 2011 Sep 3. PMID: 21890292.
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Clerkship. 4. https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/som8127/4
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26. Strain WD, Down S, Brown P, Puttanna A, Sinclair A. Diabetes and Frailty: An Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2021 May;12(5):1227-1247. doi: 10.1007/s13300-021-01035-9. Epub 2021 Apr 8. PMID: 33830409; PMCID: PMC8099963.
27. Yanase T, Yanagita I, Muta K, Nawata H. Frailty in elderly diabetes patients. Endocr J. 2018 Jan 30;65(1):1-11. doi: 10.1507/endocrj. EJ17-0390. Epub 2017 Dec 14. PMID: 29238004.
28. Lechner J, O'Leary OE, Stitt AW. The pathology associated with diabetic retinopathy. Vision Res. 2017 Oct; 139:7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.04.003. Epub 2017 Apr 29. PMID: 28412095.
29. Kalra S, Jena BN, Yeravdekar R. Emotional and Psychological Needs of People with Diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep-Oct;22(5):696-704. doi: 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_579_17. PMID: 30294583; PMCID: PMC6166557.
30. Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Nov;24(6):623-7. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e328358d59b. PMID: 22955023; PMCID: PMC4066461.
31. Strain WD, Paldánius PM. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the microcirculation. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Apr 18;17(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12933-018-0703-2. Erratum in: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021 Jun 11;20(1):120. PMID: 29669543; PMCID: PMC5905152.
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33. Type 1 diabetes. Medline Plus. [Medline Plus] Date accessed 21 July 2022.
34. Habibi A, Kalbasi S, Saadatjoo SA, Arefi MG. Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction and Associated Factors in Type-II Diabetic Patients in Birjand, Iran in 2008-2009. J Res Health Sci. 2011 Nov 4;11(2):97-102. PMID: 22911959.
35. Mayo Clinic Staff. Sleep Apnea. Mayo Clinic. Jul. 28, 2020 [Mayo Clinic] Date accessed 21 July 2022.
36. Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci. 2014 Sep 6;11(11):1185-200. doi: 10.7150/ijms.10001. PMID: 25249787; PMCID: PMC4166864.
37. Filion KB, Douros A, Azoulay L, Yin H, Yu OH, Suissa S. Sulfonylureas as initial treatment for type 2 diabetes and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events: A population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Oct;85(10):2378-2389. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14056. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31276600; PMCID: PMC6783602.
38. Flory J, Lipska K. Metformin in 2019. JAMA. 2019 May 21;321(19):1926-1927. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.3805. PMID: 31009043; PMCID: PMC7552083.
39. Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017 Sep;60(9):1577-1585. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z. Epub 2017 Aug 3. PMID: 28776086; PMCID: PMC5552828.
40. LeRoith D, Biessels GJ, Braithwaite SS, Casanueva FF, Draznin B, Halter JB, Hirsch IB, McDonnell ME, Molitch ME, Murad MH, Sinclair AJ. Treatment of Diabetes in Older Adults: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1520-1574. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00198. PMID: 30903688; PMCID: PMC7271968.
41. Bansal N, Dhaliwal R, Weinstock RS. Management of diabetes in the elderly. Med Clin North Am. 2015 Mar;99(2):351-77. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.008. Epub 2014 Dec 30. PMID: 25700588.
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Aug 3, 2022
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