Factors/Maternal Behaviors That Affect Fetal Development
Main Article Content
Keywords
Fetus, Pregnancy, Mother, Drugs & Smoking, Fetal Development, Labor, Diet, Viral Infection, Influence of Environment, Alcohol, Complications During Labor, Genetics
Abstract
N/A
References
1. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.-a). Birth Defects. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/birthdefects.html
2. Birth Defects are Common, Costly, and Critical | CDC. (2022, January 21). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/infographic.html
3. Data & Statistics on Birth Defects | CDC. (2022b, December 21). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/data.html
4. Young, J. K., Giesbrecht, H. E., Eskin, M. N., Aliani, M., & Suh, M. (2014). Nutrition implications for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 5(6), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004846
5. Paley, B., & O'Connor, M. J. (2011). Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(1), 64–75.
6. Fetal Alcohol Effects: Behavior and Learning Problems. (n.d.). https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml?docId=tj5086
7. Fetal Alcohol Exposure | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (n.d.). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/fetal-alcohol-exposure#:~:text=About%2020%20to%2030%20 percent,typically%20during%20the%20first%20 trimester.&text=More%20than%208%20 percent%20 of,typically%20during%20the%20first%20 trimester
8. Kelly SJ, Day N, Streissguth AP. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2000 Mar-Apr;22(2):143-9. doi: 10.1016/s0892-0362(99)00073-2. PMID: 10758343; PMCID: PMC2699590.
9. Price, H. R., Collier, A. C., & Wright, T. E. (2018). Screening Pregnant Women and Their Neonates for Illicit Drug Use: Consideration of the Integrated Technical, Medical, Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00961
10. Marchand, G. J., Masoud, A. T., Govindan, M., Ware, K., King, A., Ruther, S., . . . Sainz, K. (2022). Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2145653. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45653
11. Forray, A. (2016d). Substance use during pregnancy. F1000Research, 5, 887. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7645.1
12. Effects of Drug Use During Pregnancy | Florida Department of Health. (n.d.). https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/prevention/substance-abuse/substance-abuse-during-pregnancy/index.html#:~:text=Illicit%20drug%20use%20during%20pregnancy,and%20cognitive%20and%20behavioral%20problems
13. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Opioid Use Disorder | Florida Department of Health. (n.d.). https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome/index.html
14. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). (n.d.-b). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-nas
15. Tobacco and Nicotine Cessation During Pregnancy: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 807. (2020). Obstetrics and gynecology, 135(5), e221–e229. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003822
16. Maternal nutrition. (n.d.). UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/maternal#:~:text=During%20pregnancy%2C%20poor%20diets%20lacking,and%20developmental%20delays%20for%20children
17. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Pregnancy and Nutrition. https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandnutrition.html
18. Pregnancy nutrition: Foods to avoid during pregnancy. (2023, May 31). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-nutrition/art-20043844
19. Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA). (2020). People at Risk: Pregnant Women. FoodSafety.gov. https://www.foodsafety.gov/people-at-risk/pregnant-women#:~:text=Raw%20 milk%2C%20 also%20 called%20 unpasteurized,and%20malik%20 products%2C%20 including%20 cheese
20. Elgueta, D., Murgas, P., Riquelme, E., Yang, G., & Cancino, G. I. (2022). Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.816619
21. Jash, S., & Sharma, S. (2022). Pathogenic Infections during Pregnancy and the Consequences for Fetal Brain Development. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020193
22. Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., & Johnson, D. C. (2005). Maternal infection and adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes. Clinics in perinatology, 32(3), 523–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2005.04.006
23. Semahegn, A., & Mengistie, B. (2015). Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; systematic review. Reproductive health, 12, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0072-1
24. Miller, E. S., Saade, G. R., Simhan, H. N., Monk, C., Haas, D. M., Silver, R. M., Mercer, B. M., Parry, S., Wing, D. A., Reddy, U. M., & Grobman, W. A. (2022). Trajectories of antenatal depression and adverse pregnancy outcomes. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 226(1), 108.e1–108.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.007
25. Pilz, S., Zittermann, A., Obeid, R., Hahn, A., Pludowski, P., Trummer, C., Lerchbaum, E., Pérez-López, F. R., Karras, S. N., & März, W. (2018). The Role of Vitamin D in Fertility and during Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Clinical Data. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102241
26. What are Birth Defects? | CDC. (2021, November 5). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html#:~:text=Birth%20 defects%20are%20 structural%20 changes,vary%20from%20mild%20to%20server
27. Queremel Milani DA, Tadi P. Genetics, Chromosome Abnormalities. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557691/
28. Worton R. G. (1977). Chromosome abnormalities: a major cause of birth defects, stillbirth and spontaneous abortion. Canadian Medical Association journal, 117(8), 849–51.
29. Hultén, M., Patel, S., Westgren, M., Papadogiannakis, N., Jonsson, A., Jonasson, J. G., & Iwarsson, E. (2010). On the paternal origin of trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Molecular Cytogenetics, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8166-3-4
30. Prescott, K. R., & Wilkie, A. O. (2007). Genetic aspects of birth defects: new understandings of old problems. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 92(4), F308–F314. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.062968
31. Trunca, C., Mendell, N. R., & Schilit, S. L. P. (2022). Reproductive Risk Estimation Calculator for Balanced Translocation
Carriers. Current Protocols, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.633
32. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Genetic Mutations in Humans. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23095-genetic-mutations-in-humans
33. Thomas, J. (2019, November 28). Most Common Genetic Disorders. Sonas Home Health Care. https://www.sonashomehealth.com/most-common-genetic-disorders/
34. Saccone, G., Gragnano, E., Ilardi, B., Marrone, V., Strina, I., Venturella, R., Berghella, V., & Zullo, F. (2022). Maternal and perinatal complications according to maternal age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of gynecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 159(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14100
35. FACOG, S. B. M., & FACOG, S. B. M. (2023). Getting Pregnant At 40: FAQs And Tips For Optimizing Your Fertility Health. Virginia Physicians for Women. https://vpfw.com/blog/getting-pregnant-at-40-faqs-and-tips-for-optimizing-your-fertility-health/#:~:text=Fertility%20specialists%20quote%20approximately%20a,chance%20of%20experiencing%20healthy%20pregnancies
36. Female Age and Miscarriage - Spontaneous Abortion. (n.d.). Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. https://advancedfertility.com/patient-education/causes-of-infertility/age-and-fertility/#:~:text=The%20main%20 reason%20for%20the,abnormal%20 karyotype
37. Preeclampsia. (n.d.). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/preeclampsia
38. 38. Cohen, W. R., & Friedman, E. A. (2020). Clinical evaluation of labor: an evidence- and experience-based approach. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 49(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0256
2. Birth Defects are Common, Costly, and Critical | CDC. (2022, January 21). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/infographic.html
3. Data & Statistics on Birth Defects | CDC. (2022b, December 21). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/data.html
4. Young, J. K., Giesbrecht, H. E., Eskin, M. N., Aliani, M., & Suh, M. (2014). Nutrition implications for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 5(6), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004846
5. Paley, B., & O'Connor, M. J. (2011). Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(1), 64–75.
6. Fetal Alcohol Effects: Behavior and Learning Problems. (n.d.). https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml?docId=tj5086
7. Fetal Alcohol Exposure | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (n.d.). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/fetal-alcohol-exposure#:~:text=About%2020%20to%2030%20 percent,typically%20during%20the%20first%20 trimester.&text=More%20than%208%20 percent%20 of,typically%20during%20the%20first%20 trimester
8. Kelly SJ, Day N, Streissguth AP. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2000 Mar-Apr;22(2):143-9. doi: 10.1016/s0892-0362(99)00073-2. PMID: 10758343; PMCID: PMC2699590.
9. Price, H. R., Collier, A. C., & Wright, T. E. (2018). Screening Pregnant Women and Their Neonates for Illicit Drug Use: Consideration of the Integrated Technical, Medical, Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00961
10. Marchand, G. J., Masoud, A. T., Govindan, M., Ware, K., King, A., Ruther, S., . . . Sainz, K. (2022). Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2145653. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45653
11. Forray, A. (2016d). Substance use during pregnancy. F1000Research, 5, 887. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7645.1
12. Effects of Drug Use During Pregnancy | Florida Department of Health. (n.d.). https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/prevention/substance-abuse/substance-abuse-during-pregnancy/index.html#:~:text=Illicit%20drug%20use%20during%20pregnancy,and%20cognitive%20and%20behavioral%20problems
13. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Opioid Use Disorder | Florida Department of Health. (n.d.). https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome/index.html
14. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). (n.d.-b). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-nas
15. Tobacco and Nicotine Cessation During Pregnancy: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 807. (2020). Obstetrics and gynecology, 135(5), e221–e229. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003822
16. Maternal nutrition. (n.d.). UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/maternal#:~:text=During%20pregnancy%2C%20poor%20diets%20lacking,and%20developmental%20delays%20for%20children
17. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Pregnancy and Nutrition. https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandnutrition.html
18. Pregnancy nutrition: Foods to avoid during pregnancy. (2023, May 31). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-nutrition/art-20043844
19. Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA). (2020). People at Risk: Pregnant Women. FoodSafety.gov. https://www.foodsafety.gov/people-at-risk/pregnant-women#:~:text=Raw%20 milk%2C%20 also%20 called%20 unpasteurized,and%20malik%20 products%2C%20 including%20 cheese
20. Elgueta, D., Murgas, P., Riquelme, E., Yang, G., & Cancino, G. I. (2022). Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.816619
21. Jash, S., & Sharma, S. (2022). Pathogenic Infections during Pregnancy and the Consequences for Fetal Brain Development. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020193
22. Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., & Johnson, D. C. (2005). Maternal infection and adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes. Clinics in perinatology, 32(3), 523–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2005.04.006
23. Semahegn, A., & Mengistie, B. (2015). Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; systematic review. Reproductive health, 12, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0072-1
24. Miller, E. S., Saade, G. R., Simhan, H. N., Monk, C., Haas, D. M., Silver, R. M., Mercer, B. M., Parry, S., Wing, D. A., Reddy, U. M., & Grobman, W. A. (2022). Trajectories of antenatal depression and adverse pregnancy outcomes. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 226(1), 108.e1–108.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.007
25. Pilz, S., Zittermann, A., Obeid, R., Hahn, A., Pludowski, P., Trummer, C., Lerchbaum, E., Pérez-López, F. R., Karras, S. N., & März, W. (2018). The Role of Vitamin D in Fertility and during Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Clinical Data. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102241
26. What are Birth Defects? | CDC. (2021, November 5). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html#:~:text=Birth%20 defects%20are%20 structural%20 changes,vary%20from%20mild%20to%20server
27. Queremel Milani DA, Tadi P. Genetics, Chromosome Abnormalities. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557691/
28. Worton R. G. (1977). Chromosome abnormalities: a major cause of birth defects, stillbirth and spontaneous abortion. Canadian Medical Association journal, 117(8), 849–51.
29. Hultén, M., Patel, S., Westgren, M., Papadogiannakis, N., Jonsson, A., Jonasson, J. G., & Iwarsson, E. (2010). On the paternal origin of trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Molecular Cytogenetics, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8166-3-4
30. Prescott, K. R., & Wilkie, A. O. (2007). Genetic aspects of birth defects: new understandings of old problems. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 92(4), F308–F314. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.062968
31. Trunca, C., Mendell, N. R., & Schilit, S. L. P. (2022). Reproductive Risk Estimation Calculator for Balanced Translocation
Carriers. Current Protocols, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.633
32. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Genetic Mutations in Humans. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23095-genetic-mutations-in-humans
33. Thomas, J. (2019, November 28). Most Common Genetic Disorders. Sonas Home Health Care. https://www.sonashomehealth.com/most-common-genetic-disorders/
34. Saccone, G., Gragnano, E., Ilardi, B., Marrone, V., Strina, I., Venturella, R., Berghella, V., & Zullo, F. (2022). Maternal and perinatal complications according to maternal age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of gynecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 159(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14100
35. FACOG, S. B. M., & FACOG, S. B. M. (2023). Getting Pregnant At 40: FAQs And Tips For Optimizing Your Fertility Health. Virginia Physicians for Women. https://vpfw.com/blog/getting-pregnant-at-40-faqs-and-tips-for-optimizing-your-fertility-health/#:~:text=Fertility%20specialists%20quote%20approximately%20a,chance%20of%20experiencing%20healthy%20pregnancies
36. Female Age and Miscarriage - Spontaneous Abortion. (n.d.). Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. https://advancedfertility.com/patient-education/causes-of-infertility/age-and-fertility/#:~:text=The%20main%20 reason%20for%20the,abnormal%20 karyotype
37. Preeclampsia. (n.d.). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/preeclampsia
38. 38. Cohen, W. R., & Friedman, E. A. (2020). Clinical evaluation of labor: an evidence- and experience-based approach. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 49(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0256