The Effects of Nicotine Vaping on High Schoolers in South Texas
Main Article Content
Keywords
Vaping, South Texas, Young Adults, Medical Effects, Human Health
Abstract
N/A
References
1. Dinardo P, Rome Es. Vaping: The new wave of nicotine addiction. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2019;86(12):789-798. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19118
2. Overbeek DL, Kass AP, Chiel LE, Boyer EW, Casey AMH. A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(6):531-538. doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1794443
3. Chadi N, Hadland SE, Harris SK. Understanding the implications of the
"vaping epidemic" among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. Subst Abus. 2019;40(1):7-10. doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1580241
4. CASAA. History of vaping - historical timeline of events. CASAA. Published 2020. https://casaa.org/education/vaping/historical-timeline-of-electronic-cigarettes/
5. CROSS Customs Rulings Online Search System. rulings.cbp.gov. https://rulings.cbp.gov/search?term=m85579&collection=ALL&sortBy=RELEVANCE&pageSize=30&page=1
6. United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Smoking Everywhere. https://casaa.org/wp-content/uploads/SE-v-FDA-FDA-memo-in-opposition-filed-05-11-2009.pdf
7. Huang J, Duan Z, Kwok J, et al. Vaping versus JUULing: how the extraordinary growth and marketing of JUUL transformed the US retail e-cigarette market. Tobacco Control. 2018;28(2):146-151. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054382
8. Zhu SH, Sun JY, Bonnevie E, et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tobacco Control. 2014;23(suppl 3):iii3-iii9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670
9. Center for Tobacco Products. Legislation Raises Minimum Age of Sale of Tobacco Products to 21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Published 2020. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/ctp-newsroom/newly-signed-legislation-raises-federal-minimum-age-sale-tobacco-products-21
10. Leventhal AM, Dai H, Barrington-Trimis JL, Tackett AP, Pedersen ER, Tran DD. Disposable E-Cigarette Use Prevalence, Correlates, and Associations With Previous Tobacco Product Use in Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;24(3):372-379. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab165
11. Keyes KM, Kreski NT, Ankrum H, et al. Frequency of adolescent cannabis smoking and vaping in the United States: Trends, disparities and concurrent substance use, 2017-19. Addiction. 2022;117(8):2316-2324. doi:10.1111/add.15912
12. Besaratinia A, Tommasi S. Vaping epidemic: challenges and opportunities. Cancer Causes Control. 2020;31(7):663-667. doi:10.1007/s10552-020-01307-y
13. Cherian SV, Kumar A, Estrada-Y-Martin RM. E-Cigarette or Vaping Product-Associated Lung Injury: A Review. Am J Med. 2020;133(6):657-663. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.02.004
14. Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, O'Brien K, Montierth D, Xiao N, Ojcius DM. Effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on oral and systemic health. Biomed J. 2021;44(3):252-259. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.003
15. Cao DJ, Aldy K, Hsu S, et al. Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarettes, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16(3):295-310. doi:10.1007/s13181-020-00772-w
16. Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - A review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021;153:11-20. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.030
17. Mattingly DT, Patel A, Hirschtick JL, Fleischer NL. Sociodemographic differences in patterns of nicotine and cannabis vaping among US adults. Prev Med Rep. 2022;26:101715. Published 2022 Jan 27. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101715
18. Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM. The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;201:85-93. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011
19. Gandelman JA, Newhouse P, Taylor WD. Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:289-298. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018
20. Wein H. Vaping Rises among Teens. NIH News in Health. Published March 8, 2019. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2019/02/vaping-rises-among-teens
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. E-CIGARETTE, or VAPING, PRODUCTS VISUAL DICTIONARY. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/pdfs/ecigarette-or-vaping-products-visual-dictionary-508.pdf
22. Krishnan-Sarin S, Jackson A, Morean M, et al. E-cigarette devices used by high-school youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:395-400. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.022
23. Miller DR, Buettner-Schmidt K, Orr M, Rykal K, Niewojna E. A systematic review of refillable e-liquid nicotine content accuracy.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(1):20-26.
24. Tackett AP, Hébert ET, Smith CE, et al. Youth use of e-cigarettes: Does dependence vary by device type?. Addict Behav. 2021;119:106918.
25. Seiler-Ramadas R, Sandner I, Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Health effects of electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) use on organ systems and its implications for public health. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021;133(19-20):1020-1027.
26. Gotts JE, Jordt SE, McConnell R, Tarran R. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? [published correction appears in BMJ. 2019 Oct 15;367:l5980]. BMJ. 2019;366:l5275. Published 2019 Sep 30. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5275
27. E-cigarette, or Vaping Product, Use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). Yale Medicine. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/evali#:~:text=EVALI%20is%20a%20serious%20medical
28. Chaudhry R, Miao JH, Rehman A. Physiology, Cardiovascular. PubMed. Published 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493197/#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20the%20cardiovascular
29. McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, et al. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics. 2020;145(3):e20191346. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1346
30. Echeagaray O, Savko C, Gallo A, Sussman M. Cardiovascular consequences of vaping. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2022;37(3):227-235. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000952
31. Müller L, Di Benedetto S, Pawelec G. The Immune System and Its Dysregulation with Aging. Subcell Biochem. 2019;91:21-43. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_2
32. Han SG, Sillé FCM, Mihalic JN, Rule AM. The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses—a literature review. Environmental Research. 2023;221:115234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115234
33. Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:57-71. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742
34. Zhang L, Dong Y, Doyon WM, Dani JA. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure alters dopamine signaling dynamics in the nucleus accumbens. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(3):184-191. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.024
35. E-cigarettes may complicate teen attempts to quit nicotine. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published April 25, 2022. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/e-cigarettes-may-complicate-teen-attempts-quit-nicotine#:~:text=In%20addition%2C%204.12%25%20reported%20unsuccessful
36. Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi:10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136
37. Brunzell DH, Stafford AM, Dixon CI. Nicotinic receptor contributions to smoking: insights from human studies and animal models. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(1):33-46. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0042-2
38. Gotti C, Clementi F. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to pathology. Prog Neurobiol. 2004;74(6):363-396. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.006
39. Ren M, Lotfipour S. Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(5):696-709. Published 2019 Aug 20. doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661
40. Dubé CE, Pbert L, Nagawa CS, Simone DP, Wijesundara JG, Sadasivam RS. Adolescents Who Vape Nicotine and Their Experiences Vaping: A Qualitative Study. Subst Abuse. 2023;17:11782218231183934. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.1177/11782218231183934
41. Groom AL, Vu TT, Landry RL, et al. The Influence of Friends on Teen Vaping: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6784. Published 2021 Jun 24. doi:10.3390/ijerph18136784
42. Lyzwinski LN, Naslund JA, Miller CJ, Eisenberg MJ. Global youth vaping and respiratory health: epidemiology, interventions, and policies. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2022;32(1):14. Published 2022 Apr 11. doi:10.1038/s41533-022-00277-9
43. Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM. Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev
Med. 2020;140:106099. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106099
44. Struik LL, Werstuik ST, Sundstrom A, Dow-Fleisner S, Ben-David S. Factors that influence the decision to vape among Indigenous youth. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):641. Published 2022 Apr 2. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13095-y
45. Biglan A, Van Ryzin M, Westling E. A public health framework for the regulation of marketing. J Public Health Policy. 2019;40(1):66-75. doi:10.1057/s41271-018-0154-8
46. Bhave SY, Chadi N. E-cigarettes and Vaping: A Global Risk for Adolescents. Indian Pediatr. 2021;58(4):315-319.
47. Cowell AJ, Farrelly MC, Chou R, Vallone DM. Assessing the impact of the national 'truth' antismoking campaign on beliefs, attitudes, and intent to smoke by race/ethnicity. Ethn Health. 2009;14(1):75-91. doi:10.1080/13557850802257715
48. Williams RS, Derrick J, Ribisl KM. Electronic cigarette sales to minors via the internet. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):e1563. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.63
49. Kong G, Morean ME, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Sources of electronic cigarette acquisition among adolescents in Connecticut. Tob Regul Sci. 2017;3(1):10-16. doi:10.18001/TRS.3.1.2
50. How to Keep Kids and Teens from Smoking and Vaping. (2022, June 2). www.heart.org. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking-tobacco/how-to-keep-kids-and-teens-from-smoking-and-vaping
51. How to use nicotine gum | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-nicotine-gum.html
52. How to use nicotine lozenges | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-the-nicotine-lozenge.html#:~:text=Do%20not%20use%20more%20than,lozenge%20every%204%2D8%20hours.
53. How to use nicotine patches | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-a-nicotine-patch.html
54. Mph, S. L. M. (2021a). Vaping: It’s hard to quit, but help is available. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vaping-its-hard-to-quit-but-help-is-available-2019110118248
55. Mph, S. L. M. (2021b). Vaping: It’s hard to quit, but help is available. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vaping-its-hard-to-quit-but-help-is-available-2019110118248
56. Pack, Q. R. (2008, August 1). A Comparison of the Nicotine Lozenge and Nicotine Gum An Effectiveness Randomized Controlled Trial. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174063/#:~:text=Both%20the%20nicotine%20gum%20and%20nicotine%20lozenge%20are%20FDA%2Dapproved,%3A%201.62%20to%202.59)%20respectively.
57. Pedersen, T. (2023, July 3). The effectiveness of nicotine patches. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/do-nicotine-patches-work#:~:text=The%20nicotine%20patch%20demonstrates%20comparable,1%2Dyear%20follow%2Dup.
58. Thompson, D., Jr. (2011, May 9). What you need to know about nicotine gum - Smoking Cessation Center. EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/smoking-cessation/nicotine-replacement-therapy.aspx
59. What the science tells us about parenting an adolescent. What the Science Tells Us About Parenting an Adolescent | Center for the Developing Adolescent. Accessed November 15, 2023. https://developingadolescent.semel.ucla.edu/topics/item/science-about-parenting-adolescent#:~:text=Research%20into%20parenting%20styles%20has,parents%20lack%20either%20warmth%20or.
2. Overbeek DL, Kass AP, Chiel LE, Boyer EW, Casey AMH. A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(6):531-538. doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1794443
3. Chadi N, Hadland SE, Harris SK. Understanding the implications of the
"vaping epidemic" among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. Subst Abus. 2019;40(1):7-10. doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1580241
4. CASAA. History of vaping - historical timeline of events. CASAA. Published 2020. https://casaa.org/education/vaping/historical-timeline-of-electronic-cigarettes/
5. CROSS Customs Rulings Online Search System. rulings.cbp.gov. https://rulings.cbp.gov/search?term=m85579&collection=ALL&sortBy=RELEVANCE&pageSize=30&page=1
6. United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Smoking Everywhere. https://casaa.org/wp-content/uploads/SE-v-FDA-FDA-memo-in-opposition-filed-05-11-2009.pdf
7. Huang J, Duan Z, Kwok J, et al. Vaping versus JUULing: how the extraordinary growth and marketing of JUUL transformed the US retail e-cigarette market. Tobacco Control. 2018;28(2):146-151. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054382
8. Zhu SH, Sun JY, Bonnevie E, et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tobacco Control. 2014;23(suppl 3):iii3-iii9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670
9. Center for Tobacco Products. Legislation Raises Minimum Age of Sale of Tobacco Products to 21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Published 2020. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/ctp-newsroom/newly-signed-legislation-raises-federal-minimum-age-sale-tobacco-products-21
10. Leventhal AM, Dai H, Barrington-Trimis JL, Tackett AP, Pedersen ER, Tran DD. Disposable E-Cigarette Use Prevalence, Correlates, and Associations With Previous Tobacco Product Use in Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;24(3):372-379. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab165
11. Keyes KM, Kreski NT, Ankrum H, et al. Frequency of adolescent cannabis smoking and vaping in the United States: Trends, disparities and concurrent substance use, 2017-19. Addiction. 2022;117(8):2316-2324. doi:10.1111/add.15912
12. Besaratinia A, Tommasi S. Vaping epidemic: challenges and opportunities. Cancer Causes Control. 2020;31(7):663-667. doi:10.1007/s10552-020-01307-y
13. Cherian SV, Kumar A, Estrada-Y-Martin RM. E-Cigarette or Vaping Product-Associated Lung Injury: A Review. Am J Med. 2020;133(6):657-663. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.02.004
14. Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, O'Brien K, Montierth D, Xiao N, Ojcius DM. Effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on oral and systemic health. Biomed J. 2021;44(3):252-259. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.003
15. Cao DJ, Aldy K, Hsu S, et al. Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarettes, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16(3):295-310. doi:10.1007/s13181-020-00772-w
16. Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - A review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021;153:11-20. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.030
17. Mattingly DT, Patel A, Hirschtick JL, Fleischer NL. Sociodemographic differences in patterns of nicotine and cannabis vaping among US adults. Prev Med Rep. 2022;26:101715. Published 2022 Jan 27. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101715
18. Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM. The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;201:85-93. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011
19. Gandelman JA, Newhouse P, Taylor WD. Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:289-298. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018
20. Wein H. Vaping Rises among Teens. NIH News in Health. Published March 8, 2019. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2019/02/vaping-rises-among-teens
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. E-CIGARETTE, or VAPING, PRODUCTS VISUAL DICTIONARY. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/pdfs/ecigarette-or-vaping-products-visual-dictionary-508.pdf
22. Krishnan-Sarin S, Jackson A, Morean M, et al. E-cigarette devices used by high-school youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:395-400. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.022
23. Miller DR, Buettner-Schmidt K, Orr M, Rykal K, Niewojna E. A systematic review of refillable e-liquid nicotine content accuracy.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(1):20-26.
24. Tackett AP, Hébert ET, Smith CE, et al. Youth use of e-cigarettes: Does dependence vary by device type?. Addict Behav. 2021;119:106918.
25. Seiler-Ramadas R, Sandner I, Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Health effects of electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) use on organ systems and its implications for public health. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021;133(19-20):1020-1027.
26. Gotts JE, Jordt SE, McConnell R, Tarran R. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? [published correction appears in BMJ. 2019 Oct 15;367:l5980]. BMJ. 2019;366:l5275. Published 2019 Sep 30. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5275
27. E-cigarette, or Vaping Product, Use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). Yale Medicine. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/evali#:~:text=EVALI%20is%20a%20serious%20medical
28. Chaudhry R, Miao JH, Rehman A. Physiology, Cardiovascular. PubMed. Published 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493197/#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20the%20cardiovascular
29. McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, et al. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics. 2020;145(3):e20191346. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1346
30. Echeagaray O, Savko C, Gallo A, Sussman M. Cardiovascular consequences of vaping. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2022;37(3):227-235. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000952
31. Müller L, Di Benedetto S, Pawelec G. The Immune System and Its Dysregulation with Aging. Subcell Biochem. 2019;91:21-43. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_2
32. Han SG, Sillé FCM, Mihalic JN, Rule AM. The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses—a literature review. Environmental Research. 2023;221:115234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115234
33. Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:57-71. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742
34. Zhang L, Dong Y, Doyon WM, Dani JA. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure alters dopamine signaling dynamics in the nucleus accumbens. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(3):184-191. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.024
35. E-cigarettes may complicate teen attempts to quit nicotine. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published April 25, 2022. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/e-cigarettes-may-complicate-teen-attempts-quit-nicotine#:~:text=In%20addition%2C%204.12%25%20reported%20unsuccessful
36. Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi:10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136
37. Brunzell DH, Stafford AM, Dixon CI. Nicotinic receptor contributions to smoking: insights from human studies and animal models. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(1):33-46. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0042-2
38. Gotti C, Clementi F. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to pathology. Prog Neurobiol. 2004;74(6):363-396. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.006
39. Ren M, Lotfipour S. Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(5):696-709. Published 2019 Aug 20. doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661
40. Dubé CE, Pbert L, Nagawa CS, Simone DP, Wijesundara JG, Sadasivam RS. Adolescents Who Vape Nicotine and Their Experiences Vaping: A Qualitative Study. Subst Abuse. 2023;17:11782218231183934. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.1177/11782218231183934
41. Groom AL, Vu TT, Landry RL, et al. The Influence of Friends on Teen Vaping: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6784. Published 2021 Jun 24. doi:10.3390/ijerph18136784
42. Lyzwinski LN, Naslund JA, Miller CJ, Eisenberg MJ. Global youth vaping and respiratory health: epidemiology, interventions, and policies. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2022;32(1):14. Published 2022 Apr 11. doi:10.1038/s41533-022-00277-9
43. Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM. Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev
Med. 2020;140:106099. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106099
44. Struik LL, Werstuik ST, Sundstrom A, Dow-Fleisner S, Ben-David S. Factors that influence the decision to vape among Indigenous youth. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):641. Published 2022 Apr 2. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13095-y
45. Biglan A, Van Ryzin M, Westling E. A public health framework for the regulation of marketing. J Public Health Policy. 2019;40(1):66-75. doi:10.1057/s41271-018-0154-8
46. Bhave SY, Chadi N. E-cigarettes and Vaping: A Global Risk for Adolescents. Indian Pediatr. 2021;58(4):315-319.
47. Cowell AJ, Farrelly MC, Chou R, Vallone DM. Assessing the impact of the national 'truth' antismoking campaign on beliefs, attitudes, and intent to smoke by race/ethnicity. Ethn Health. 2009;14(1):75-91. doi:10.1080/13557850802257715
48. Williams RS, Derrick J, Ribisl KM. Electronic cigarette sales to minors via the internet. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):e1563. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.63
49. Kong G, Morean ME, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Sources of electronic cigarette acquisition among adolescents in Connecticut. Tob Regul Sci. 2017;3(1):10-16. doi:10.18001/TRS.3.1.2
50. How to Keep Kids and Teens from Smoking and Vaping. (2022, June 2). www.heart.org. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking-tobacco/how-to-keep-kids-and-teens-from-smoking-and-vaping
51. How to use nicotine gum | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-nicotine-gum.html
52. How to use nicotine lozenges | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-the-nicotine-lozenge.html#:~:text=Do%20not%20use%20more%20than,lozenge%20every%204%2D8%20hours.
53. How to use nicotine patches | Quit smoking | Tips from Former Smokers | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/quit-smoking-medications/how-to-use-quit-smoking-medicines/how-to-use-a-nicotine-patch.html
54. Mph, S. L. M. (2021a). Vaping: It’s hard to quit, but help is available. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vaping-its-hard-to-quit-but-help-is-available-2019110118248
55. Mph, S. L. M. (2021b). Vaping: It’s hard to quit, but help is available. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/vaping-its-hard-to-quit-but-help-is-available-2019110118248
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Nov 16, 2023
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