Benefits of GLP-1 Agonist
Main Article Content
Keywords
metabolism, GLP-1, agonists
Abstract
there is no abstract.
References
1. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007 Oct;87(4):1409-39. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2006. PMID: 17928588.
2. Iorga RA, Bacalbasa N, Carsote M, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 agonists, besides the hypoglycemic effect (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(3):2396-2400. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8714
3. JPH;, B. E. H. D. (n.d.). SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: Established and emerging indications. Lancet (London, England). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34216571
4. Professional Heart Daily. professional.heart.org.
5. Rm B, Pj F, Dm K. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Mechanisms of Vascular Dysfunction. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. Published October 1, 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397168/
6. What Is Ozempic®? | Ozempic® (semaglutide) Injection 0.5 mg or 1 mg. www.ozempic.com. https://www.ozempic.com/why-ozempic/what-is-ozempic.html
7. Ma X, Liu Z, Ilyas I, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs): cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(8):2050-2068. Published 2021 May 11. doi:10.7150/ijbs.59965
8. Andrikou, E., Tsioufis, C., Andrikou, I., Leontsinis, I., Tousoulis, D., & Papanas, N. (2019). GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular outcome trials: An update. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 60(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2018.11.008
9. Brothers RM, Fadel PJ, Keller DM. Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease risk: mechanisms of vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019 Oct 1;317(4):H777-H789. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2019. Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31397168; PMCID: PMC6843015.
10. Zheng J, Xie Y, Ren L, et al. GLP-1 improves the supportive ability of astrocytes to neurons by promoting aerobic glycolysis in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Metab. 2021;47:101180. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101180
11. Klausen MK, Thomsen M, Wortwein G, Fink-Jensen A. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):625-641. doi:10.1111/bph.15677
12. Grill HJ. A Role for GLP-1 in Treating Hyperphagia and Obesity. Endocrinology. 2020;161(8):bqaa093. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa093
13. John Hopkins Medicine . Anatomy of the Endocrine System. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Published 2019. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system
14. Soto-Tinoco E, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Buijs RM. Interaction between the hypothalamus and the immune system. Exp Physiol. 2016;101(12):1463-1471. doi:10.1113/EP085560
15. O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Dysregulation of Natural Killer Cells in Obesity. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(4):573. Published 2019 Apr 23. doi:10.3390/cancers11040573
16. Conor De Barra, Khalil M, Mat A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapy in people with obesity restores natural killer cell metabolism and effector function. Published online May 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23772
17. Patel S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;182:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008
18. Ding H, Zhang J, Zhang F, et al. Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of
Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:741764. Published 2021 Oct 20. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.741764Ding H, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Xie Q. Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021
19. Jensterle M, Janez A, Fliers E, DeVries JH, Vrtacnik-Bokal E, Siegelaar SE. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: from physiology to therapeutic perspective. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(4):504-517. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz019
20. Thyroid: What It Is, Function & Problems. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23188-thyroid#:~:text=It
21. CDC. What Is Type 1 Diabetes? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes.html.
22. Mayo Clinic. Type 2 Diabetes. Mayo Clinic. Published March 14, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193.
23. Mayo Clinic. Cirrhosis - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. Published February 6, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487
24. Liver: What It Does, Disorders & Symptoms, Staying Healthy. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21481-liver#:~:text=The%20liver%20filters%20(cleans)%20the
25. Diagnosis of NAFLD & NASH | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/diagnosis
26. Morgan MY. The prognosis and outcome of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) Supplement. 1994;2:335-343. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8974353/
27. Diagnosis of NAFLD & NASH | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/diagnosis
28. Volpe S, Lisco G, Fanelli M, et al. Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 52-Week Prospective Real-Life Study. 2022;14(21):4673-4673. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214673
29. Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Metabolic responses and benefits of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor ligands. British Journal of Pharmacology. Published online May 10, 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15485
30. Liver Functions, Location, Anatomy and Disease | Columbia Surgery. columbiasurgery.org. https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-and-its-functions#:~:text=The%20Liver%20and%20Its%20Functions
31. Holst JJ. The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1. Physiological Reviews. 2007;87(4):1409-1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2006
32. Zhao X, Wang M, Wen Z, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:721135. Published 2021 Aug 23. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135
33. Kruepunga N, Hakvoort TBM, Hikspoors JPJM, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Anatomy of rodent and human livers: What are the differences?. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2019;1865(5):869-878. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.019
34. Takuya Funayama, Tsukasa Nozu, Masatomo Ishioh, et al. Centrally administered GLP-1 analogue improves intestinal barrier function through the brain orexin and the vagal pathway in rats. 2023;1809:148371-148371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148371
35. Okumura T, Nozu T, Ishioh M, et al. Oxytocin acts centrally in the brain to improve leaky gut through the vagus nerve and a cannabinoid signaling in rats. Physiology & Behavior. 2022;254:113914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113914
36. Acuna-Goycolea C. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Excites Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons by Direct and Indirect Mechanisms: Implications for Viscera-Mediated Arousal.
Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24(37):8141-8152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1607-04.2004
37. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;6(2):133-148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003
38. Cleveland Clinic. Digestive system: Function, organs & anatomy. Cleveland Clinic. Published August 9, 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
39. Hunt JE, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB, Kissow H. GLP-1 and Intestinal Diseases. Biomedicines. 2021;9(4):383. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040383
2. Iorga RA, Bacalbasa N, Carsote M, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 agonists, besides the hypoglycemic effect (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(3):2396-2400. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8714
3. JPH;, B. E. H. D. (n.d.). SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: Established and emerging indications. Lancet (London, England). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34216571
4. Professional Heart Daily. professional.heart.org.
5. Rm B, Pj F, Dm K. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Mechanisms of Vascular Dysfunction. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. Published October 1, 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397168/
6. What Is Ozempic®? | Ozempic® (semaglutide) Injection 0.5 mg or 1 mg. www.ozempic.com. https://www.ozempic.com/why-ozempic/what-is-ozempic.html
7. Ma X, Liu Z, Ilyas I, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs): cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(8):2050-2068. Published 2021 May 11. doi:10.7150/ijbs.59965
8. Andrikou, E., Tsioufis, C., Andrikou, I., Leontsinis, I., Tousoulis, D., & Papanas, N. (2019). GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular outcome trials: An update. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 60(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2018.11.008
9. Brothers RM, Fadel PJ, Keller DM. Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease risk: mechanisms of vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019 Oct 1;317(4):H777-H789. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2019. Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31397168; PMCID: PMC6843015.
10. Zheng J, Xie Y, Ren L, et al. GLP-1 improves the supportive ability of astrocytes to neurons by promoting aerobic glycolysis in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Metab. 2021;47:101180. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101180
11. Klausen MK, Thomsen M, Wortwein G, Fink-Jensen A. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):625-641. doi:10.1111/bph.15677
12. Grill HJ. A Role for GLP-1 in Treating Hyperphagia and Obesity. Endocrinology. 2020;161(8):bqaa093. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa093
13. John Hopkins Medicine . Anatomy of the Endocrine System. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Published 2019. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system
14. Soto-Tinoco E, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Buijs RM. Interaction between the hypothalamus and the immune system. Exp Physiol. 2016;101(12):1463-1471. doi:10.1113/EP085560
15. O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Dysregulation of Natural Killer Cells in Obesity. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(4):573. Published 2019 Apr 23. doi:10.3390/cancers11040573
16. Conor De Barra, Khalil M, Mat A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapy in people with obesity restores natural killer cell metabolism and effector function. Published online May 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23772
17. Patel S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;182:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008
18. Ding H, Zhang J, Zhang F, et al. Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of
Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:741764. Published 2021 Oct 20. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.741764Ding H, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Xie Q. Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021
19. Jensterle M, Janez A, Fliers E, DeVries JH, Vrtacnik-Bokal E, Siegelaar SE. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: from physiology to therapeutic perspective. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(4):504-517. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz019
20. Thyroid: What It Is, Function & Problems. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23188-thyroid#:~:text=It
21. CDC. What Is Type 1 Diabetes? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes.html.
22. Mayo Clinic. Type 2 Diabetes. Mayo Clinic. Published March 14, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193.
23. Mayo Clinic. Cirrhosis - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. Published February 6, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487
24. Liver: What It Does, Disorders & Symptoms, Staying Healthy. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21481-liver#:~:text=The%20liver%20filters%20(cleans)%20the
25. Diagnosis of NAFLD & NASH | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/diagnosis
26. Morgan MY. The prognosis and outcome of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) Supplement. 1994;2:335-343. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8974353/
27. Diagnosis of NAFLD & NASH | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/diagnosis
28. Volpe S, Lisco G, Fanelli M, et al. Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 52-Week Prospective Real-Life Study. 2022;14(21):4673-4673. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214673
29. Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Metabolic responses and benefits of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor ligands. British Journal of Pharmacology. Published online May 10, 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15485
30. Liver Functions, Location, Anatomy and Disease | Columbia Surgery. columbiasurgery.org. https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-and-its-functions#:~:text=The%20Liver%20and%20Its%20Functions
31. Holst JJ. The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1. Physiological Reviews. 2007;87(4):1409-1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2006
32. Zhao X, Wang M, Wen Z, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:721135. Published 2021 Aug 23. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135
33. Kruepunga N, Hakvoort TBM, Hikspoors JPJM, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Anatomy of rodent and human livers: What are the differences?. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2019;1865(5):869-878. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.019
34. Takuya Funayama, Tsukasa Nozu, Masatomo Ishioh, et al. Centrally administered GLP-1 analogue improves intestinal barrier function through the brain orexin and the vagal pathway in rats. 2023;1809:148371-148371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148371
35. Okumura T, Nozu T, Ishioh M, et al. Oxytocin acts centrally in the brain to improve leaky gut through the vagus nerve and a cannabinoid signaling in rats. Physiology & Behavior. 2022;254:113914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113914
36. Acuna-Goycolea C. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Excites Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons by Direct and Indirect Mechanisms: Implications for Viscera-Mediated Arousal.
Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24(37):8141-8152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1607-04.2004
37. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018;6(2):133-148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003
38. Cleveland Clinic. Digestive system: Function, organs & anatomy. Cleveland Clinic. Published August 9, 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system
39. Hunt JE, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB, Kissow H. GLP-1 and Intestinal Diseases. Biomedicines. 2021;9(4):383. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040383